Umlimi uvuna irayisi kwilali yaseDhundi ekwintshona yeIndiya.Iiphaneli zelangaamandla impompo yakhe yamanzi kwaye angenise ingeniso eyongezelelweyo.
Kwi-2007, i-22 eneminyaka engama-22 ubudala ifama ye-peanut ye-P. Ramesh yayilahlekelwa yimali.Njengoko yayiqhelekile kwiindawo ezininzi zaseIndiya (kwaye kusenjalo), uRamesh wasebenzisa umxube we-pesticides kunye nezichumisi kwi-2.4 yeehektare zomhlaba kwisithili sase-Anantapur. I-India esemazantsi.Ulimo lucelomngeni kulo mmandla ufana nentlango, ofumana ngaphantsi kwe-600mm yemvula kwiminyaka emininzi.
“Ndilahlekelwe yimali eninzi ngokulima amandongomane ngeendlela zokulima imichiza,” utshilo uRamesh, oonobumba bakayise balandela igama lakhe, elixhaphakileyo kwiindawo ezininzi ezikumazantsi eIndiya. Imichiza iyabiza, kwaye izivuno zakhe ziphantsi.
Kuthe ngo-2017, wayiyeka imichiza.” Ukusukela oko ndisebenzisa iindlela zokulima ngokutsha ezifana ne-agroforestry kunye nokulima kwendalo, izivuno zam kunye nomvuzo wam unyukile,” utshilo.
I-Agroforestry ibandakanya ukukhula kwezityalo zemithi ezihlala ixesha elide (imithi, amatyholo, amasundu, uqalo, njl.njl.) ecaleni kwezityalo (SN: 7/3/21 no 7/17/21, p. 30). Indlela yokulima yendalo ifuna ukuba kususwe yonke imichiza endaweni yayo. izichumisi kunye nezibulali zinambuzane ezinobulongwe benkomo, umchamo wenkomo kunye nejaggery (iswekile eqinileyo emdaka eyenziwe ngommoba) ukunyusa umgangatho wezondlo zomhlaba. URamesh ukwandise isityalo sakhe ngokugalela ipapaya, i-millet, iokra, i-eggplant (eyaziwa ekuhlaleni njenge-eggplant ) kunye nezinye izityalo, ekuqaleni amandongomane kunye neetumato ezithile.
Ngoncedo lwe-Anantapur ye-Accion Fraterna Eco-Center engenzi nzuzo, esebenza namafama afuna ukuzama ezolimo ezizinzileyo, uRamesh wongeza inzuzo eyaneleyo yokuthenga umhlaba omninzi, ukwandisa isiza sakhe malunga nezine.iihektare.Njengamawaka amafama ahlaziyayo kulo lonke elaseIndiya, uRamesh uye wondla ngempumelelo umhlaba wakhe ophelileyo kwaye imithi yakhe emitsha iye yadlala indima ekunciphiseni i-carbon footprint yaseIndiya ngokunceda ukugcina ikhabhoni ngaphandle kwe-atmosfera.indima encinci kodwa ebalulekileyo.Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba i-agroforestry inamandla okuhluthwa kwekhabhoni ngama-34% aphezulu kuneendlela eziqhelekileyo zezolimo.
Kwintshona yeIndiya, kwidolophana yaseDhundi kwilizwe laseGujarat, ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-1,000 ukusuka e-Anantapur, uPravinbhai Parmar, i-36, usebenzisa amasimi akhe erayisi ukunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu.Ngokufakaiiphaneli zelanga, akasasebenzisi idizili ukunika amandla iimpompo zakhe zamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Kwaye ukhuthazwa ukuba ampompe kuphela amanzi awadingayo kuba unokuthengisa umbane angawusebenzisiyo.
Ngokwengxelo yoLawulo lweCarbon ka-2020, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni minyaka le kwe-2.88 yeetoni ezibhiliyoni kungacuthwa nge-45 ukuya kwi-62 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka ukuba onke amafama afana noParmar atshintshelaamandla elanga.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho malunga ne-250,000 iimpompo zokunkcenkceshela zelanga kwilizwe, ngelixa inani elipheleleyo leempompo zamanzi aphantsi komhlaba liqikelelwa kwi-20-25 yezigidi.
Ukulima ukutya ngelixa kusetyenzwa ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse esele iphezulu kwizenzo zezolimo kunzima kwilizwe ekumele londle oko kuza kuba lelona lizwe likhulu labemi.Namhlanje, i-akhawunti yezolimo kunye nokufuywa kwezilwanyana kwi-14% yokukhutshwa kwegesi yendalo yonke yaseIndiya. .Yongeza kumbane osetyenziswa licandelo lezolimo kwaye inani linyuke liye kutsho kuma-22%.
URamesh noParmar bayinxalenye yeqela elincinane lamafama afumana uncedo kurhulumente nakwiinkqubo ezingekho phantsi kukarhulumente ukuze batshintshe indlela abasebenza ngayo. indlela ende ekufuneka ihanjwe.Kodwa amabali empumelelo ala mafama angqina ukuba omnye wawona mkhulu eIndiya angatshintsha.
Amafama aseIndiya sele eziva iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, ajongana nembalela, iimvula eziguquguqukayo kunye namaza obushushu kunye nezitshingitshane zetropikhi. UMurthy, intloko yecandelo elijongene nemozulu, imeko-bume kunye nokuzinza kwiZiko leSayensi, iTekhnoloji kunye noPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo, i-US ukucinga itanki. uthe.
Ngeendlela ezininzi, lo ngumbono osemva kokukhuthaza ukulima okuzinzileyo kunye nokuhlaziya iindlela zokulima phantsi kwesambrela ye-agroecology.U-YV Malla Reddy, umlawuli we-Accion Fraterna Ecological Centre, uthe ukulima kwendalo kunye ne-agroforestry ngamacandelo amabini enkqubo afumana ngaphezulu kwaye abantu abaninzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eIndiya.
“Olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo kum kukutshintsha kwezimo zengqondo malunga nemithi nohlaza kulamashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo,” utshilo uReddy.” Ngeminyaka yee-'70s kunye neye-'80s, abantu babengaliqondi ncam ixabiso lemithi, kodwa ngoku babona imithi. , ngakumbi imithi yeziqhamo neluncedo, njengomthombo wengeniso.”U-Reddy uye wakhuthaza ukuzinza e-Indiya malunga neminyaka eyi-50 yezolimo.Iintlobo ezithile zemithi, ezifana ne-pongamia, i-subabul kunye ne-avisa, zineenzuzo zezoqoqosho ngaphezu kweziqhamo zazo;babonelela ngokutya kwemfuyo kunye ne-biomass yokutshisa.
Umbutho kaReddy unikezele ngoncedo kwiintsapho ezingaphezu kwama-60,000 zamafama aseIndiya zokulima kwendalo kunye ne-agroforestry ephantse ibe yi-165,000 yeehektare. Ubalo lwamandla okuhluthwa kwekhabhoni yomhlaba yomsebenzi wabo luyaqhubeka. ukuba olu qheliselo lokulima lunokunceda iIndiya ifikelele usukelo lwayo lokufikelela kuma-33 ekhulwini amahlathi nemithi ekugutyungelwe kuyo ngowama-2030 ukuze ihlangabezane nokutshintsha kwemozulu eParis.izibophelelo zokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni phantsi kwesi siVumelwano.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izisombululo, ukulima ngokutsha yindlela engabizi kakhulu yokunciphisa ikharbon diokside kwiatmosfera.Ngokohlalutyo luka-2020 lweNature Sustainability, ukulima ngokutsha kubiza i-10 yeedola ukuya kwi-100 yeedola ngetoni ye-carbon dioxide esusiwe emoyeni, ngelixa ubugcisa obususa ngomatshini. ikhabhoni evela emoyeni ixabisa i-$ 100 ukuya kwi-1,000 yeetoni nganye ye-carbon dioxide.Akukuphela nje ukuba olu hlobo lokulima lunengqiqo kwindalo, u-Reddy uthe, kodwa njengoko amafama ephendukela ekulimeni ngokutsha, ingeniso yabo inamandla okwandisa ngokunjalo.
Kungathatha iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka ukuseka izenzo ze-agroecological ukujonga impembelelo ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni.Kodwa ukusebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo kwezolimo kunokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ukukhutshwa.Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-International Water Management Institute i-IWMI yasungula amandla elanga njengesityalo esihlawulwayo. inkqubo kwilali yaseDhundi ngo2016.
"Ingozi enkulu kumafama ekutshintsheni kwemozulu kukungaqiniseki okudala," kusho uShilp Verma, umphandi womgaqo-nkqubo we-IWMI wamanzi, amandla kunye nokutya.Xa amafama ekwazi ukumpompa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngendlela ehambelana nemozulu, banemali eyongezelelweyo yokujongana neemeko ezingakhuselekanga, Ikwabonelela ngenkuthazo yokugcina amanzi emhlabeni. igridi,” utshilo.Amandla elangaiba ngumthombo wengeniso.
Ukulima irayisi, ingakumbi irayisi esemazantsi kumhlaba okhukulisekileyo, kufuna amanzi amaninzi.Ngokutsho kweInternational Rice Research Institute, kufuneka umlinganiselo omalunga neelitha ezili-1,432 zamanzi ukuvelisa ikhilogram enye yerayisi. Irayisi enkcenkceshelwayo iqikelelwa kuma-34 ukuya kuma-43. Ipesenti yamanzi okunkcenkceshela ehlabathini lonke, umbutho uthe.I-India yeyona ndawo inkulu yokutsalwa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, ithatha i-25% yokukhutshwa kwehlabathi jikelele.Xa impompo yedizili ikhupha, i-carbon ikhutshwa emoyeni. kufuneka uthenge amafutha ukuze ugcine iimpompo zisebenza.
Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1960, ukutsalwa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba e-Indiya kwaqala ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza, ngesantya esikhawulezayo kunezinye iindawo.Oku kwakuqhutywa kakhulu yi-Green Revolution, umgaqo-nkqubo wezolimo onamandla oqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya kwelizwe kwiminyaka ye-1970 kunye ne-1980, kwaye iyaqhubeka. ngenye indlela nanamhlanje.
“Sasidla ngokuchitha iirupee ezingama-25 000 [malunga needola ezingama-330] ngonyaka ukuze siqhube iimpompo zethu zamanzi ezisebenza ngedizili.Oko kwakusetyenziselwa ukunciphisa inzuzo yethu, "utshilo uParmar. Ngo-2015, xa i-IWMI yammema ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwiprojekthi yokunkcenkceshela yelanga ye-zero-carbon, uParmar wayephulaphule.
Ukusukela ngoko, amaqabane amathandathu kaParmar kunye noDhundi abalimi bathengise ngaphezu kwe-240,000 kWh kurhulumente kwaye bafumana ngaphezulu kwe-1.5 yezigidi zeerandi ($20,000) .Ingeniso yonyaka yeParmar iphindwe kabini ukusuka kumyinge we-Rs 100,000-150,000 ukuya kwi-Rs 2000,000.
Olo tyhalo lumnceda ukuba afundise abantwana bakhe, omnye wabo olandela isidanga kwezolimo - uphawu olukhuthazayo kwilizwe apho ukulima kuye kwangathandwa phakathi kwezizukulwana eziselula. Njengoko uParmar ebeka, “Ilanga livelisa umbane ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ngokungcoliseka okuncinci kwaye isinika ingeniso eyongezelelweyo.Yintoni ongayithandiyo?"
UParmar wafunda ukugcina nokulungisa iiphaneli kunye neepompo ngokwakhe. Ngoku, xa iilali ezingabamelwane zifuna ukufakaiimpompo zamanzi elangaokanye bafuna ukuzilungisa, babhenela kuye ukuze bafumane uncedo.” Ndiyavuya xa abanye belandela emanyathelweni ethu.Ngenene ndinebhongo kakhulu ngokuba bendifowunela ukuba ndincede ngolwaboimpompo yelangainkqubo.”
Iprojekthi ye-IWMI eDhundi yaba yimpumelelo kangangokuba iGujarat yaqala ngo-2018 ukuphinda isikimu kubo bonke abalimi abanomdla phantsi kwenyathelo elibizwa ngokuba yiSuryashakti Kisan Yojana, eliguqulela kwiiprojekthi zamandla elanga kumafama. iimali-mboleko ezinenzala ephantsi kumafama zokunkcenkceshela ngelanga.
"Ingxaki ephambili ngemozulu-ehlakaniphile kwezolimo kukuba yonke into esiyenzayo kufuneka inciphise i-carbon footprint," watsho umlingani we-Verma u-Aditi Mukherji, umbhali wengxelo kaFebruwari ye-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (SN: 22/3/26, p. 7 Iphepha).” Olo lolona celomngeni lukhulu.Uyenza njani into enekhabhoni esezantsi ngaphandle kokuchaphazela kakubi ingeniso kunye nemveliso? "U-Mukherji yinkokeli yeprojekthi yengingqi yonkcenkceshelo lwelanga ukwenzela ukomelela kwezolimo eMzantsi Asia, iprojekthi ye-IWMI ejonge izisombululo ezahlukeneyo zokunkcenkceshela zelanga eMzantsi Asia.
Emuva e-Anantapur, "kwaye kukho utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwizityalo kwindawo yethu," kusho uReddy.Ngoku, akukho ndawo enye kumgca wakho wokujonga enemithi engama-20 ubuncinci.Lutshintsho oluncinci, kodwa olubalulekileyo kwimbalela yethu.Ithetha lukhulu kulo mmandla.”URamesh kunye namanye amafama ngoku bonwabele ingeniso yezolimo ezinzileyo, ezinzileyo.
“Xa ndandilima amandongomane, ndandidla ngokuwathengisa kwimarike yasekhaya,” utshilo uRamesh. Ngoku uthengisa ngokuthe ngqo kubahlali basezixekweni ngokusebenzisa amaqela e-WhatsApp.Bigbasket.com, enye yeevenkile ezinkulu zaseIndiya ezithengisa kwi-intanethi, kunye nezinye iinkampani ziqalile ukuthenga ngokuthe ngqo. ukusuka kuye ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yezinto eziphilayo kunye neziqhamo kunye nemifuno "ecocekileyo".
“Ngoku ndiqinisekile ukuba ukuba abantwana bam bayafuna, bangasebenza nasekufameni kwaye babe nobomi obulungileyo,” utshilo uRamesh.” Andizange ndizive ngolu hlobo phambi kokuba ndifumanise ezi ndlela zokufama zingenamichiza.”
DA Bossio et al.Indima yekhabhoni yomhlaba kwizisombululo zemozulu yendalo.Uzinzo lwendalo.roll.3, Meyi 2020.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z
A. Rajan et al. Unyawo lweCarbon lokunkcenkceshela kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba e-India.Carbon Management, Vol.May 11, 2020.doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2020.1750265
T. Shah et al.Khuthaza amandla elanga njengesityalo esivuzayo.roll.roll.52 yezoQoqosho nezoPolitiko nge-11 kaNovemba ka-2017.
Yasekwa ngo-1921, iiNdaba zeSayensi ngumthombo ozimeleyo, ongajonganga kwenza ngeniso wenkcazelo echanileyo ngeendaba zamva nje zenzululwazi, amayeza, nobugcisa. Namhlanje, injongo yethu iyafana: ukuxhobisa abantu ukuba bahlole iindaba kunye nehlabathi elibangqongileyo. .Ipapashwe nguMbutho weNzululwazi, umbutho ongenzi nzuzo 501(c)(3) wobulungu ozinikele ekuthatheni inxaxheba koluntu kuphando lwenzululwazi kunye nemfundo.
Ababhalisi, nceda ufake idilesi yakho ye-imeyile ukuze ufikelele ngokupheleleyo kugcino lweNdaba zeSayensi kunye noshicilelo lwedijithali.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-02-2022
