Njengoko impucuko ikhula, amandla afunekayo ukuxhasa indlela yethu yokuphila ayanda imihla ngemihla, efuna ukuba sifumane iindlela ezintsha kunye nezintsha zokusebenzisa izixhobo zethu ezihlaziyiweyo, ezifana nokukhanya kwelanga, ukudala amandla amaninzi kuluntu lwethu ukuqhubeka neNkqubela.
Ukukhanya kwelanga kubonelele kwaye kwenza ubomi kwiplanethi yethu kangangeenkulungwane.Nokuba ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, ilanga livumela ukuveliswa kwemithombo yamandla phantse yonke eyaziwayo njengamafutha efosili, i-hydro, umoya, i-biomass, njl. Njengoko impucuko ikhula, amandla afunekayo ukuxhasa. indlela yethu yokuphila yanda yonke imihla, ifuna ukuba sifumane iindlela ezintsha kunye nezintsha zokusebenzisa izixhobo zethu ezivuselelekayo, ezifana nokukhanya kwelanga, ukudala amandla amaninzi kuluntu lwethu ukuqhubeka neNkqubela.
Ukusukela emva kwihlabathi lamandulo siye sakwazi ukuphila kumandla elanga, sisebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga njengomthombo wamandla owavela kwizakhiwo ezakhiwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-6,000 eyadlulayo, ngokuqhelanisa indlu ukuze ukukhanya kwelanga kudlule kwiindawo zokuvula ezisebenza njengohlobo lokufudumeza. .Kumawaka eminyaka kamva, amaYiputa namaGrike asebenzisa ubuchule obufanayo ukugcina izindlu zabo zipholile ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngokuzikhusela elangeni [1]. ubushushu obungaphakathi.Ukukhanya kwelanga kwakungeyomfuneko nje kuphela kubushushu obabuvelisa kwihlabathi lamandulo, kodwa kwakukwasetyenziselwa ukugcina nokugcina ukutya ngetyuwa. Kumachibi elanga [1] .Ekupheleni kweRenaissance, uLeonardo da Vinci ucebise usetyenziso lokuqala lwemizi-mveliso yeconcentrator yelanga econcave yesipili njengezifudumezi zamanzi, kwaye kamva uLeonardo wacebisa itekhnoloji yewelding copp.er usebenzisa imitha yelanga kunye nokuvumela izisombululo zobugcisa ukuqhuba oomatshini belaphu [1]. Kungekudala ngexesha le-Industrial Revolution, W. Adams wenza into ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yi-oven yelanga. Le oveni inezipili zeglasi zesilivere ezisibhozo ezilinganayo ezenza i-octagonal reflector. igxininiswe ngezipili kwibhokisi yeplanga egqunywe ngeglasi apho imbiza iya kubekwa khona kwaye iyiyeke ibile[1].Khawuleza phambili kwiminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa kwaye injini yomphunga welanga yakhiwa malunga no-1882 [1].UAbel Pifre wasebenzisa isipili esiconcave 3.5 m ububanzi kwaye igxininise kwibhoyila ye-cylindrical umphunga ovelise amandla awoneleyo okuqhuba umatshini wokushicilela.
Ngo-2004, indawo yokuqala yehlabathi yorhwebo yamandla elanga ebizwa ngokuba yiPlanta Solar 10 yasekwa eSeville, eSpain. Ukukhanya kwelanga kubonakaliswa kwinqaba emalunga ne-624 yeemitha, apho abamkeli belanga bafakelwa iiinjini zomphunga kunye neejenereyitha. Oku kuyakwazi ukuvelisa amandla ukunika amandla amakhaya angaphezu kwe-5 500. Phantse kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, ngo-2014, eCarlifonia, eUnited States, kwavulwa oyena ziko lombane likhulu ehlabathini. Lo mzi-mveliso wasebenzisa izipili ezilawulayo ezingaphezu kwe-300 000 yaye wavumela ukuveliswa kombane oyi-377 megawatts ukuze kusetyenziswe amakhaya amalunga ne-140 000 [ 1].
Ayizomizi-mveliso kuphela ezakhiwayo nezisetyenziswayo, kodwa abathengi abakwiivenkile ezithengisayo baphinda benze itekhnoloji entsha. Iiphaneli zeSolar zaqala, kwaye kwaneemoto ezisebenza ngamandla elanga ziye zadlala, kodwa enye yophuhliso lwamva nje olusaza kubhengezwa lulutsha lwelanga- iteknoloji yokunxiba amandla.Ngokudibanisa uxhumano lwe-USB okanye ezinye izixhobo, ivumela uxhulumaniso ukusuka kwimpahla ukuya kwizixhobo ezifana nemithombo, iifowuni kunye nee-earbuds, ezinokuhlawuliswa ekuhambeni.Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iqela labaphandi baseJapan eRiken. I-Institute kunye neTorah Industries ichaze ukuphuhliswa kweseli ebhityileyo yelanga enokuthi ifudumale iprinte iimpahla kwiimpahla, ivumela iseli ukuba ifunxe amandla elanga kwaye iwasebenzise njengomthombo wamandla [2] ]. ukuzinza kunye nokuguquguquka ukuya kwi-120 ° C [2] .Amalungu eqela lophando elisekelwe kwiiseli ze-organic photovoltaic kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-PNTz4T [3].uzinzo lwe-vironmental kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwamandla, ngoko macala omabini eseli agqunywe nge-elastomer, into efana ne-rubber [3]. iseli kodwa uthintele amanzi nomoya ekungeneni kwiseli.Ukusetyenziswa kwale elastomer kunceda ukunciphisa ukuthotywa kwebhetri ngokwayo nokwandisa ubomi bayo [3].
Enye yeengxaki eziphawulekayo zoshishino ngamanzi.Ukuchithwa kwezi seli kunokubangelwa yizinto ezahlukeneyo, kodwa inkulu ngamanzi, utshaba oluqhelekileyo kuyo nayiphi na iteknoloji.Nakuphi na ukufuma okugqithisileyo kunye nokuvezwa kwexesha elide emoyeni kunokuchaphazela kakubi ukusebenza kakuhle. yeeseli ze-organic photovoltaic [4].Nangona unokuphepha ukufumana amanzi kwikhompyuter yakho okanye kwifowuni kwiimeko ezininzi, awukwazi ukuphepha ngeempahla zakho.Inokuba yimvula okanye umatshini wokuhlamba, amanzi akanakuphepheka.Emva kweemvavanyo ezahlukeneyo kwi Iseli ye-photovoltaic ye-free-standing kunye ne-double-side coated organic photovoltaic cell, zombini iiseli ze-photovoltaic ze-organic zacwiliswa emanzini imizuzu eyi-120, kwagqitywa ukuba amandla e-free-standing organic photovoltaic cell Amandla okuguqulwa ancitshiswe kuphela. 5.4%.Iiseli zehla nge-20.8% [5].
Umzobo 1. Ubuchule obuqhelekileyo bokuguqulwa kwamandla njengomsebenzi wexesha lokuntywiliselwa.Iimpazamo zebhari kwigrafu zimela ukutenxa okuqhelekileyo okuqhelekileyo ngokwentsingiselo yempumelelo yokuqala yokuguqulwa kwamandla kwisakhiwo ngasinye [5].
Umfanekiso we-2 ubonisa olunye uphuhliso kwiYunivesithi yaseNottingham Trent, iseli encinci yelanga enokuthi ifakwe kwintambo, ethi ke ilukwe ibe yi-textile [2]. I-3mm ubude kunye ne-1.5mm ububanzi[2].Iyunithi nganye ilayitiwe nge-resin engangeni manzi ukuvumela ukuba impahla ihlanjwe kwigumbi lokuhlamba impahla okanye ngenxa yemozulu [2]. Indlela engabonakali okanye icaphukise ulusu lomntu onxibileyo.Kuphando olongezelelweyo kwafunyaniswa ukuba kwiqhekeza elincinci lempahla efana ne-5cm ^2 icandelo lelaphu linokuba neeseli ezingaphezu kwama-200, ngokufanelekileyo ukuvelisa i-2.5 - 10 volts yamandla, kwaye Ugqibe kwelokuba kukho iiseli ezingama-2000 kuphela ezifuna ukubiza ii-smartphones [2].
Umzobo 2. Iiseli zelanga ezincinci 3 mm ubude kunye ne-1.5 mm ububanzi (ifoto ngoncedo lweYunivesithi yaseNottingham Trent) [2].
Amalaphu e-Photovoltaic adibanisa iipolymers ezimbini ezikhaphukhaphu kunye nexabiso eliphantsi ukwenza i-energy-generating textiles.Eyokuqala kula macandelo mabini yiseli yelanga encinci, efumana amandla avela ekukhanyeni kwelanga, kwaye eyesibini iqulethe i-nanogenerator, eguqula amandla oomatshini abe ngumbane [ 6].Inxalenye ye-photovoltaic yelaphu iqulethe iifayibha ze-polymer, ezithi ke ziqatywe ngeemaleko ze-manganese, i-zinc oxide (impahla ye-photovoltaic), kunye ne-iodide yobhedu (yokuqokelela imali) [6]. ucingo oluncinci lobhedu kwaye luhlanganiswe kwisambatho.
Imfihlelo emva kwezi zinto zintsha zilele kwi-electrodes ecacileyo yezixhobo ze-photovoltaic eziguquguqukayo.I-electrodes ye-transparent conductive yenye yamacandelo kwiiseli ze-photovoltaic ezivumela ukukhanya kungene kwiseli, ukwandisa izinga lokuqokelela ukukhanya.I-Indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) isetyenzisiweyo. ukwenza ezi electrode zingafihliyo, ezisetyenziselwa ukubonakala kwazo okufanelekileyo (> 80%) kunye nokumelana kakuhle kwephepha kunye nokuzinza okugqwesileyo kokusingqongileyo [7].I-ITO ibalulekile kuba onke amacandelo ayo akufutshane-ngokugqibelele. Ubukhulu obudityaniswe nokungafihli kunye nokuchasana kwandisa iziphumo ze-electrodes [7].Nakuphi na ukuguquguquka komlinganiselo kuya kuchaphazela kakubi i-electrodes kwaye ngaloo ndlela intsebenzo.Ngokomzekelo, ukwandisa ubukhulu be-electrode kunciphisa ukucaca kunye nokuchasana, okukhokelela ekuthotyweni kokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, i-ITO sisixhobo esinesiphelo esityiwa ngokukhawuleza.Uphando beluqhubeka ukufumana enye indlela engaphumeleliyo kuphela.ITO, kodwa kulindeleke ukuba igqithe ukusebenza kwe-ITO [7].
Izinto ezifana ne-polymer substrates eziye zaguqulwa nge-transparent conductive oxides ziye zanda ekuthandeni ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.Ngelishwa, la ma-substrates abonakaliswe ukuba anqabile, aqinile kwaye anzima, anciphisa kakhulu ukuguquguquka kunye nokusebenza [7] .Abaphandi banikezela isisombululo usebenzisa i-flexible fiber-like cell cell njenge-electrode replacements.Ibhetri ye-fibrous iqukethe i-electrode kunye neengcingo ezimbini zetsimbi ezihlukeneyo ezixutywe kwaye zidibene kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo zokutshintsha i-electrode [7].Iiseli zelanga zibonise isithembiso ngenxa yobunzima babo , kodwa ingxaki kukungabikho kwendawo yoqhagamshelwano phakathi kweengcingo zetsimbi, ezinciphisa indawo yoqhagamshelwano kwaye ngaloo ndlela ibangele ukusebenza kwe-photovoltaic ephantsi [7].
Imiba yokusingqongileyo nayo ingumkhuthazi omkhulu wokuqhubela phambili uphando.Okwangoku, ihlabathi lithembele kakhulu kwimithombo yamandla engenakuhlaziyeka njengamafutha e-fossil, amalahle kunye ne-oyile.Ukutshintsha ugxininiso olusuka kwimithombo yamandla engahlaziyekiyo ukuya kwimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, kuquka amandla elanga, lutyalo-mali oluyimfuneko kwixesha elizayo.Mihla le izigidi zabantu zihlawulisa iifowuni zazo, iikhompyutha, iilaptops, iiwotshi ezihlakaniphile kunye nazo zonke izixhobo zombane, nokusebenzisa amalaphu ethu ukuhlawulisa ezi zixhobo ngokuhamba nje kunokunciphisa ukusebenzisa kwethu amafutha efosili.Nangona oku kunokubonakala ngathi into encinci kumlinganiselo omncinci wabantu aba-1 okanye ama-500, xa inyuswe ukuya kwizigidi ezingamashumi ezigidi inokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwethu kwamafutha e-fossil.
Iiphaneli zesola kwizityalo zamandla elanga, kubandakanywa nezo zibekwe phezu kwezindlu, zaziwa ngokunceda ukusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili, asetyenziswa kakhulu.America.Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu kushishino kukufumana umhlaba ukuze ukwakha ezi fama.Umndilili wekhaya unokuxhasa kuphela inani elithile leepaneli zelanga, kwaye inani leefama zelanga lilinganiselwe.Kwiindawo ezinendawo eyaneleyo, uninzi lwabantu luhlala luthandabuza ukwakha iziko elitsha lombane welanga kuba livala ngokusisigxina ukuba kunokwenzeka. kunye nesakhono kwamanye amathuba emhlabeni, njengamashishini amatsha.Kukho inani elikhulu lofakelo lwepaneli ye-photovoltaic edadayo enokuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zombane kutshanje, kwaye inzuzo ephambili yeefama ezidadayo zelanga kukunciphisa iindleko [8] .Ukuba i umhlaba awusetyenziswa, akukho mfuneko yakuzikhathaza ngeendleko zokufakela phezu kwezindlu nezakhiwo.s kunokwenzeka ukubeka ezi fama kwimithombo yamanzi yendalo.Amadama enziweyo aneenzuzo ezininzi ezingaxhaphakanga elwandle [9].Amadama enziwe ngumntu kulula ukuwalawula, kwaye aneziseko ezingundoqo kunye neendlela zangaphambili, iifama zinokufakelwa ngokulula.Iifama ezidadayo zelanga nazo zibonakaliswe ukuba zinemveliso ngaphezu koku. iifama zelanga ezisekelwe kumhlaba ngenxa yokutshintsha kwamaqondo obushushu phakathi kwamanzi nomhlaba [9].Ngenxa yobushushu obukhethekileyo bamanzi, ubushushu bomhlaba jikelele buphezulu kunolwamanzi, kwaye ubushushu obuphezulu bubonakaliswe ukuba buchaphazela kakubi umhlaba. Nangona ubushushu bungalawuli ukuba kungakanani na ukukhanya kwelanga okufumanayo kwipaneli, oko kuyakuchaphazela amandla owafumana ekukhanyeni kwelanga. imo yokuphumla, kwaye ke xa ukukhanya kwelanga kubetha, baya kufikelela kwimo echulumancisayo [10].Umahluko phakathi kwemeko yokuphumla kunye nemeko echulumancisayo kukuba angakanani amandla aveliswa kumbane.Ukuba ubushushu obujikeleze ipaneli yelanga bunika amandla ii-electron kwaye bubeke kwindawo ephantsi yochulumanco, umbane awuyi kuba mkhulu xa ukukhanya kwelanga kubetha indawo yolawulo [10] .Njengoko umhlaba ufunxa kwaye ukhupha ubushushu obulula kunamanzi, ii-electron ezikwiphaneli yelanga emhlabeni zisenokwenzeka ukuba zibekwimo ephezulu yemincili, kwaye ke indawo yolawulo yelanga ibekwe phezu okanye kufuphi nomzimba wamanzi apholileyo.Uphando olongezelelweyo lubonakalise ukuba isiphumo sokupholisa amanzi ajikeleze iipaneli ezidadayo anceda ukuvelisa amandla angama-12.5% ngaphezulu kunasemhlabeni [9].
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iiphaneli zelanga zihlangabezana kuphela ne-1% yeemfuno zamandla zaseMelika, kodwa ukuba ezi fama zelanga bezityalwe ukuya kuthi ga kwikota yemithombo yamanzi enziwe ngumntu, iipaneli zelanga ziya kuhlangabezana phantse ne-10% yezidingo zamandla zaseMelika. iiphaneli zaziswa ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, amadama amabini amakhulu amanzi eColorado alahlekelwa ngamanzi amaninzi ngenxa yokuba abe ngumphunga, kodwa ngokufakela ezi zixhobo zombane ezidadayo, amadama athintelwa ukuba angome kwaye umbane wenziwa [11]. -amanzi asele enziwe axhotyiswe ngeefama zelanga aya kwanela ukuvelisa ubuncinane iigigawathi ezingama-400 zombane, ngokwaneleyo ukunika amandla ama-44 eebhiliyoni zeebhalbhu zokukhanya ze-LED ngaphezu konyaka.
Umzobo 4a ubonisa ukonyuka kwamandla okubonelelwa yiseli yelanga edadayo ngokunxulumene noMfanekiso 4b.Ngelixa bekukho iifama zelanga ezidadayo ezimbalwa kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, zisawenza umahluko omkhulu kangaka kwimveliso yombane.Kwixesha elizayo, xa iifama zelanga ezidadayo ibe yinto eninzi, amandla apheleleyo avelisiweyo athi aphindwe kathathu ukusuka kwi-0.5TW kwi-2018 ukuya kwi-1.1TW ekupheleni kwe-2022.
Ukuthetha ngokusingqongileyo, ezi fama zelanga ezidadayo ziluncedo kakhulu ngeendlela ezininzi.Ukongeza ekunciphiseni ukuthembela kumafutha efosili, iifama zelanga nazo zinciphisa umthamo womoya nokukhanya kwelanga okufikelela phezu kwamanzi, nto leyo enokunceda ukubuyisela umva utshintsho lwemozulu [9].A edadayo. ifama ecutha isantya somoya kunye nokukhanya okuthe ngqo kwelanga okubetha phezu kwamanzi nge-10% ubuncinane kunokunciphisa ishumi leminyaka elipheleleyo lokufudumala kwehlabathi [9].Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-ecology, akukho zimpembelelo zimbi zibonakala zifumaneka. umsebenzi phezu kwamanzi, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa ukhukuliseko elunxwemeni lomlambo, ukukhusela nokukhuthaza uhlaza.[13].Akukho ziphumo ziqinisekileyo zokuba ubomi baselwandle buyachaphazeleka na, kodwa imilinganiselo efana negobolondo elizaliswe yibio-hut eyenziwe yi-Ecocean ziye zantywiliselwa phantsi kweephaneli ze-photovoltaic ezinokuthi zixhase ubomi baselwandle.iipaneli ze-photovoltaic kumanzi avulekileyo kuneendawo zokugcina amanzi ezenziwe ngabantu.Njengoko ukukhanya kwelanga okuncinci kungena emanzini, kubangela ukunciphisa izinga le-photosynthesis, okubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwe-phytoplankton kunye ne-macrophytes.Ngokunciphisa ezi zityalo, impembelelo kwizilwanyana esezantsi kwikhonkco lokutya, njl., ikhokelela kwinkxaso-mali yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini [14].Nangona akukenzeki okwangoku, oku kunokuthintela umonakalo ongakumbi onokubakho kwi-ecosystem, intsilelo enkulu yeefama ezidadayo zelanga.
Njengoko ilanga lingowona mthombo wethu wamandla, kunokuba nzima ukufumana iindlela zokusebenzisa la mandla kwaye siwasebenzise kwiindawo esihlala kuzo.Ubuchwephesha obutsha kunye nezinto ezintsha ezifumaneka mihla le zenza oku kwenzeke.Nangona zingekho zininzi iimpahla ezinxitywayo zombane welanga. ukuthenga okanye iifama zelanga ezidadayo ukutyelela ngoku, loo nto ayitshintshi into yokuba iteknoloji ayinaso isakhono esikhulu okanye ikamva eliqaqambileyo. iipaneli zelanga phezu kwezindlu. Iiseli zelanga ezinxibekayo zinendlela ende yokuhamba ngaphambi kokuba ziqheleke njengempahla esiyinxiba yonke imihla.Kwixesha elizayo, iiseli zelanga kulindeleke ukuba zisetyenziswe kubomi bemihla ngemihla ngaphandle kokuba zifihlwe phakathi kwethu. iimpahla.Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubela phambili kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, amandla oshishino lwelanga alupheli.
Malunga noRaj Shah uDkt. Raj Shah ungumlawuli weNkampani ye-Koehler Instrument eNew York, apho usebenze iminyaka eyi-27. Ungomnye onyulwe ngabalingane bakhe kwi-IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSMTC, Institute of I-Physics, iZiko loPhando lwaMandla kunye neRoyal Society of Chemistry.ASTM Eagle Award umamkeli uGqr. Shah kutshanje ulungelelanise i-"Fuels and Lubricants Handbook" ethengiswa kakhulu, iinkcukacha ezifumaneka kwi-ASTM's Long Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook, Edition 2nd - Julayi 15, 2020 - UDavid Phillips - Inqaku leNdaba leMveliso yePetro - iPetro Online (petro-online.com)
UGqr. Shah ubambe i-PhD kwi-Chemical Engineering evela kwiYunivesithi yasePenn State kunye noMfo weSikole soLawulo esiQeqeshiweyo, eLondon.UkwanguNzululwazi oQhelekileyo weBhunga lezeNzululwazi, iNjineli yePetroleum eyiChartered yeZiko laMandla kunye neBhunga lobuNjineli base-UK.UGqr.UShah usandul’ ukuwongwa njengeNjineli eBalulekileyo nguTau beta Pi, olona luntu lukhulu lobunjineli eUnited States.Ukwiibhodi zeengcebiso zeYunivesithi yaseFarmingdale (Mechanical Technology), iYunivesithi yaseAuburn (Tribology), kunye neYunivesithi yaseStony Brook (Ubunjineli beChemical/ Inzululwazi yeZizinto kunye nobuNjineli).
URaj nguprofesa oncedisayo kwiSebe lezeNzululwazi kunye nobuNjineli beMichiza e-SUNY Stony Brook, upapashe amanqaku angaphezu kwama-475 kwaye usebenze kwintsimi yamandla ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-3. Ulwazi olwengeziwe ngoRaj lunokufumaneka kuMlawuli weNkampani yeKoehler Instrument. unyulwe njengoMntu kwiziko laMazwe ngaMazwe lePhysics Petro Online (petro-online.com)
UNks. Mariz Baslious kunye noMnu. Blerim Gashi ngabafundi bobunjineli bemichiza e-SUNY, kwaye uGqr. Raj Shah uchophela ibhodi yeengcebiso yangaphandle yeyunivesithi. UMariz noBlerim bayinxalenye yenkqubo yoqeqesho ekhulayo e-Koehler Instrument, Inc. eHoltzville, NY, leyo ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bafunde ngakumbi malunga nehlabathi letekhnoloji yamandla angenye.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-12-2022
